Khmer Rouge
by: Radhanath Thialan
Introduction
Cambodia is a country in Southeast Asia between Thailand and Vietnam. Many people around the world have heard about the Vietnam War, talked and studied about the war, but rarely people talk about the country beside it that has a higher death toll than the Vietnam War, and it is more than just war. This beautiful country now had the most jarring history in the pas,t holding one of the world’s largest genocides in history. The communist party of Cambodia, commonly known as the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, was responsible for this inhumane ruling. “From 1975 to 1979 – through execution, starvation, tortured, disease, forced labor and other inhumane living conditions – the Khmer Rouge systematically killed an estimated two million Cambodians and buried them in mass graves, almost one fourth of the country’s population” (Ung). Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953, and Norodom Sihanouk became the King of Cambodia, then known as the Kingdom of Cambodia. Even though he was a womanizer and used the country’s money for his own pleasure, he ran the country in its traditional Angkorian way, which the citizens were comfortable with (Power). Lon Nol, a politician at that time whom embraced the US way of ruling, wanted to take charge and was fighting for position. As he stepped into the political system of Cambodia, most people hated him and the communist groups became more aggressive in opposing his leadership. However, the question of why and how this genocide took place still remained unanswered. It was so sudden, and almost nobody was prepared or knew what was happening next. The Cambodian genocide has been called the worst genocide of the twentieth century.
“Genocide is always politics that is
worse than war (Worse than War).”
Various causes could arise from racial issues, gender issues, ethnic problems
or to the dictator’s own greed that leads to a genocide. Various genocides had happened around the
world, but due to ignorance of the public and information hidden by the
government, the subject left untouched.
The Cambodian genocide was not even included as a chapter to be studied
in classrooms by its neighboring countries.
Thus, not many people in South East Asia are actually aware about this
tragic event. The Cambodian genocide
happened when the political system was very poorly led by Lon Nol. Eventually, the communist leader, Pol Pot,
came into power and ruled the country the way he wanted it to be. Pol Pot’s
philosophy and ruling was what caused millions of people to die when he was in
power (Kiernan).
The effect from the ruling of this
communist group in Cambodia was so cruel that bones and body parts were seen
almost every and anywhere on the streets from urban to rural areas or
district. It smelt like rotten meat along
the fields, where mass execution took place (Loung Ung). Hence, that was where it got the name – The Killing Field. During Pol Pot’s ruling, he wanted to have a
brand new start in Cambodia, changing everything the country had to zero
again. As a result, it significantly
affected Cambodia’s economy until today.
Believe it or not, trials for this genocide cases are still ongoing this
very day in Cambodia, and it has yet to be solved (Chandler).
Political Causes
Politics plays a big role that leads
to this devastating genocide. Lon Nol,
the Prime Minister of Cambodia in 1966, has no difference compared to Sihanouk,
the previous King, but turned out to be a worse leader. He was pro-America, but like many dictators
at that period, he was repressive, incompetent and corrupted (Power). He secluded himself in his majestic villa in
Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, doing nothing to the country but getting
mystical advices of leadership from a visionary monk, named Mam Prum Moni, or
“Great Intellectual of Pure Glory” (Power). During this period of time, the Vietnam War was
on going and there were many US ambassadors and some French officials in
Cambodia to “protect” the country. Two
wars actually led to this genocide: the US war in Vietnam and a civil war in
Cambodia (between the communist groups and the capitalists). During the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese
communists had their hide out places deep in the jungle of Vietnam just by the
border of Cambodia. When the Vietnamese
did not have any more places to hide, they fled into Cambodia, and rebuilt
their communist groups in Cambodia, forming a new party (Kiernan).
The United States began to have
secret bombings by the border of Cambodia in 1969. Their main idea was to get rid of the
Communists Party of Kampuchea (CPK) (Kiernan).
The code-name of this bombing, known as “Operation Breakfast”, was led
and planned by National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger (Power). The mission was kept top secret to prevent
any domestic protests. Unfortunately,
the bombers failed to locate the CPK’s bases and led the communist party with
more hatred and anger (Taylor). Since “Operation
Breakfast” was unsuccessful, Henry Kissinger further conducted a few more
unappetizing missions, named Operation Lunch, Snack, Dinner, Dessert, Supper
(Power). The bombing lasted for years, from
1969 to 1973 and tons of bombs had been launched on the border of Cambodia and
Vietnam. In Figure 1 shown below, the
data reflects the growth of the CPK armed strength when the bombing
increases. Note the relationship between
the increase in bombing tonnage and the growth of the CPK Armed strength within
1969 and 1973.
Figure 1:
US Bombing and CPK Armed Forces Growth, 1969 - 1973
|
Year
|
Bombing Sorties
|
Bombing Tonnage
|
CPK Armed Strength
|
|
1969
|
3,600
|
108,000
|
1,000
|
|
1970
|
8,000
|
121,000
in
both years
|
75,000
|
|
1971
|
61,000
|
150,000
|
|
|
1972
|
25,000
|
53,000
|
200,000
|
|
1973
|
130,000
|
257,000
|
220,000
|
|
Total:
|
227,000
|
539,129
|
|
Source:
(Kiernan)
Operation
Breakfast was a big failure. It not only
increased the strength of the CPK but also caused the public to believe the
communist party instead of their current leader – Lon Nol, who was also
disliked by the public. This mission was
done by the US, which gave a win-win situation for the Khmer Rouge to take
advantage in growing and gaining power, as their target was to rule and take
over the political systems of Cambodia (Sharp).
The CPK did not need to have propagandas at all to brainwash the public,
but to show them how cruel the current political system was, such as bombing
lands of their country lands, killing
many people in the rural area.
Every time after there had been bombing,
they would take the people to see the craters, to see how big and deep the
craters were, to see how the earth had been gouged out and scorched… The
ordinary people…sometimes literally shit in their pants when big bombs and
shells came… Their minds just froze up and they would wander around mute for
three to four days. Terrified and
half-crazy, the people were ready to believe what they were told… That was what
made it so easy for the Khmer Rouge to win the people over… It was because of
their dissatisfaction with the bombing that they kept on cooperating with the
Khmer Rouge, joining up with the Khmer Rouge, sending their children off to go
with them (Kiernan/ Power).
With
the poor and corrupted leadership from Lon Nol and his government, the failure
of bombings by the US eventually created strength for these angry barbaric
communists to make the public believe in them, taking their children to be part
of their army, to seek revenge.
As times went by, the communist
parties, commonly called the Khmer Rouge, had gained much support from citizens
near the rural area of Cambodia and those by the borders where the bombings
occurred. They perceived that the Khmer
Rouge had saved their lives and should obey, respect and listen to their
commands instead of the corrupted leader in Phnom Penh (Yang). The comrades gathered more and more people,
as many as they could after the bombings in the rural areas of Cambodia. The communist party, the Khmer Rouge, were
nomads and they did not stay put in one place; they just gathered any men or
fit persons to fight for them, to support the Khmer Rouge and to change the
Cambodian political system. The US
officials in Cambodia received news that the communist party was growing and
planned to invade Phnom Penh. On April
1975, the US evacuated its troops after a six-year war in Cambodia leaving a
way for Pol Pot’s plan, which was to eliminate all traces of the modern world
in Cambodia (Pol Pot). Cambodia’s new leader was in disbelief about
the evacuation; instead of providing aid for the country, he wrote a letter to
the Vice President Spiro Agnew stating, “I never believed for a moment that you
would abandon a people which has chosen liberty. I cannot alas, leave in such a cowardly
fashion” (Power). On April 1st,
1975, Lon Nol raised the white flag and left the country. That was the end of the Lon Nol regime (Lon Nol).
Pol Pot & the Khmer Rouge
Pol Pot was born in a small town
on the outskirts of Cambodia. His
parents were well earned farmers, and his childhood was good. He then recieved a scholarship to further his
studies in France from 1949 to 1963 (Parates).
While in France, Pol Pot joined some underground activities to organize
a group against the French and Japanese after WWII. In 1951, Pol Pot also joined a secret
communist group called Cercle Marxiste.
Pol Pot was a lackluster student and did poorly in France and was sent
back to Cambodia (Parates). When he was
back in Cambodia, Pol Pot continued his communist idea and expanded it in his
home country. At that time, he also had
many alliance in France, who helped him in plotting his idea of taking over
Cambodia. In 1966, Pol Pot renamed his
communist party Communists Party of Kampuchea (CPK) (Kiernan).
The Khmer Rouge soldiers
were brainwashed, that the cities were where the devils live, and the
capitalist were known as the heart of the evil.
In Chandler’s book, The Tragedy of Cambodian History, he wrote that the Khmer Rouge soldiers
referred Phnom Penh as “the great prostitute of the Mekong” and “capitalists
were child[sic] of the devil” (Chandler).
They believed
Pol Pot because the bombings around the Cambodian-Vietnam border terrified them
and they were filled with hatred, as many of their villages in the bombing area
were all damaged, properties destroyed and family members were killed. All Pol Pot aimed to have a classless
agrarian society where all the people were equal in status – peasants
(Kiernan). Loung Ung stated that the
Khmer Rouge hated the rich because the rich and the middle classes were mainly
in Phnom Penh, which was safe, while the peasants in the rural were seen as non-human
and were killed for no reason by the bombings (Ung). To achieve his idea, Pol Pot abolished
Cambodia’s monetary system, all markets and trading, schools, hospitals,
private properties, any foreign influences and religious practice. Public schools, temples, shops, and
government buildings were all shut down as well and turned into prisons, where
many women were raped. Furthermore, vehicles
and public transportations were all prohibited. During Pol Pot’s ruling, there
was not a single form of entertainment allowed in the country (Chandler). Every person in the country at that time was
only allowed to be dressed in black uniforms that denoted their revolutionary uniforms. With all these ongoing executions and killings,
the population in Cambodia shrunk between 1971 to 1981 when the Khmer Rouge was
in power, as shown in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: Population of
Cambodia (1951-2011).
Source: (Cambodia).
During this period of time in 1975-1978, the Khmer Rouge treated their
citizens, people of the same blood from the same land, as subhuman. They beat, killed tortured, and raped anyone
who refused to listen to their command (Chandler). During Pol Pot’s regime, the Vietnamese and
CIA were both the main enemies of his.
He did not trust anyone from Phnom Penh and suspected all of them of working
for one of his enemies. In prisons set
by Pol Pot and his army would often blindfolded the prisoners and brought them
from the rural areas to these prisons.
Every prisoner brought in would have their photos taken and information
documented, then filed. Until today,
nobody knew why Pol Pot wanted to document all this information as, it made no
sense other than to show how cruel he was (Kiernan). Prisoners would be questioned and often
beaten. “I do not understand what they
were asking me, I don’t even know what or who was the CIA as I am not working
for any of them. I was just a local
fishmonger. They then drew out a long
stick and kept hitting me until they were satisfied,” said Chum Mey, one of the
survivors of Pol Pot’s secret prison (S-21) (Inside Pol).
Most women captured, some with infants, had the longest lifespan of 48
hours in the prison. They were all
executed because they were considered “useless” to the country, but were
recorded in their records as traitors (Chandler).
Pol Pot’s Philosophy and Process
"It's different
from many other genocidal events, it was genocide driven not by racial or
religious hatred but by an ideology that had been incubated so fervently that
it became insanity - Adam Fifield (qtd. in Murphy)." What Pol Pot had done to Cambodia is truly
unacceptable, but the communist leader claimed that the genocide happened not
because of him and it was not very fair to put all the blame onto him
(Chandler). Many people who had known
Pol Pot for a very long time said that he was very kind and polite in person
and he is not very talkative. During the
Genocide, Pol Pot did not kill a single person with his own hand, instead he
gave command to his army and subordinates to do so (Kiernan).
Pol Pot was a very intelligent but
cunning in character. Most of his guards
and soldiers were naïve young men aging from 14 to 19. These young boys were persuaded to join the
Khmer Rouge because their parents were either killed during the US bombings or
due to peer pressure. “Everyone joined,
I couldn’t be the only one who didn’t join,” said Khiev Ches during an
interview, “Whatever they asked me to do I’ll do! I do not want to die (Inside Pol).” Pol Pot was also a very careful person and he
always kept his reputation clean. However,
he was the mastermind behind all the killings and torturing due to his greed in
taking over Cambodia. The basic idea of
Pol Pot was to restrict any freedom in the public as when there is freedom, the
public will start opposing and therefore he wants his army to be violent
(Kiernan). Figure 3 shows a list Pol Pot
created in restriction of freedom and how he wanted the living conditions in
Cambodia to be like during his ruling.
The list was translated and re-typed. Some of the restrictions were
ridiculous such as people were killed if they sing and no forms of
entertainment was allowed. The
thirty-seven constraints Pol Pot came up with is so strict and any individual
who did not follow it would be immediately executed (Kiernan).
Figure 3: Conditions of Life
Under the Khmer Rouge
Source: (Ung).
Marxism is a type of ruling very closely
related to communism. Pol Pot’s Marxism
ideal was to bring equality, but does it brings peace or fear when he came into
power (Cook)? In Pol Pot’s little red
book, there were many quotes such as “The spade is your pen, the rice field is
your paper!” “Long live Angkar, long live the people or Kampuchea” (Cook). These red book made the Cambodians people
think that they have to go back to basic and follow the Khmer Rouge’s command
because it will bring them benefit and freedom from the Americans and French
people. The US by the Vietnam-Cambodia
border bombings mentioned above gave more strength to these propagandas. Pol Pot’s ruling has much similarity to Mao’s
and the Soviet Union way of ruling compared to Adolf Hitler (Cook). Adolf Hitler’s genocide is specified on a
group of ethnic – Jews, during WWII; while Mao’s is to eliminate all educated
people, to make the citizens work and build the country with much suffering
(Chandler). Mao was an idol of Pol Pot
and he wanted to be as “successful” as Mao, remolding China into a very
successful country. But when Pol Pot’s
plan did not worked out as plan, he refused to blame himself or any of his friends
and “brothers”. He claimed that the
Vietnamese were the one ruined his plan and killed all the Cambodian citizens
(Chandler).
“The New Beginning”
On April 17, 1975, after decades of planning, the Khmer Rouge guerrillas finally marched into the city of Phnom Penh and taking over Cambodia’s political system. As mentioned earlier, Pol Pot, a Cambodian whom was educated in France, was the leader of the Khmer Rouge. His main goal was to change the political system of Cambodia to its original Agrarian style of ruling. Western cultures and any traces of the modern world should be banished and everything must be very traditional. Pol Pot also changed the Cambodian calendar to year zero on the first day of his ruling. The idea behind this change was to replace the old culture and traditions (which must be destroyed) with a new revolutionary culture (Kiernan). Religion banned, education halted and healthcare eliminated was how Pol Pot wanted to rule the country, he wanted dumb slaves that only would listen to him (Sharp). Pol Pot implemented drastic Maoist revolution program in which Cambodia had their version of “The Red Book” which Mao used during his ruling in China (Chandler).
The first thing Pol Pot did was to
evacuate the whole city. In Loung Ung’s
book – How They Killed My Father, she
explained how it like was during the evacuation. The weather was sweltering as
it was summer, and the people were only allowed to wear black shirts provided
by the Khmer Rouge. During the journey,
there were thousands of people, some families were even pushing hospital beds
with their loved ones on it; mothers gave birth by the road side, and many dead
bodies started to disperse by the roadside because there was no food and water
provided at all. It was almost, a
seven-day walk of struggle. Old folks,
who were physically not capable for the journey were either shot dead, left
behind or being piggybacked by their family members. The evacuation itself was rough and
heinous. Strict commands were to be
followed or one would be an “expired body”, just like the ones seen putrid by
the roadside (Ung). Figure 4 below shows
a map of the evacuation route. Many
people from Phnom Penh were separated from their families and allocated into
different camps in the rural area.
Figure4: Evacuation from
Phnom Penh.
Source: (Ung).
The
communist referred educated and religious people as capitalist, and were known
as the root of the evil (Chandler).
While in the camps, everyone had to conscript his or her information
with a picture taken. They then
separated the monks, artist, teacher, doctors and many educated people. “The doctor I knew never came back after he
had left and that was the last time I saw him.” Loung Ung wrote in her
book. According to Kiernan, the educated
people were to go to a rural area where they would have to dig big and deep
holes. When they finished digging,
bullets came shooting from behind and all the bodies were piled up in the mass
grave.
Economy and the Government of Cambodia
The economic system in Cambodia
is very unusual in two expects. During
Pol Pot’s ruling, he obliterated private land ownership. He introduced classless society that the
Khmer Rouge wanted the country to be, they believed that “perfect harmony”
comes from no status from the society (no peasants, no middle class, no upper
class), everybody is equal. Private
ownership were building ego and was seen as a social injustice (Ross). Secondly, Cambodia has no monetary
system. Pol Pot’s government confiscated
all the money and workers were paid in the form of rice and tapioca, according
to their long working hours. Food was
money during that period of time because there was no money in circulation and
all the shops were closed down eventually (Ross). In one chapter of How They Killed My Father, Loung Ung described that she only saw
her father and brothers for few hours a day as they will leave for work at dawn
itself and came home very late at night with so little food. The food ration from three people was not
even enough to feed an adult, but they had no alternative but to share it with
the family. Some of her neighbors in the
labor camps started to eat lizards and insects to get protein. One of her mother’s friend died from eating a
poisonous mushroom by accident, as she was starving to death at that time
(Ung).
The genocide came to an
end when the Vietnamese army finally came in to Cambodia and took over Phnom
Penh on January 7, 1979. The Khmer Rouge
leaders then fled to Thailand and reestablished their forces in Thailand with
full secrecy (Fletcher). The economy in
Cambodia was way below equilibrium of any of the economic graphs. They did not
have any monetary systems and even currency as Pol Pot had demolished them all
during his regime. Since Pol Pot forced
the Cambodian to work in the rice field and other agricultural plantations,
rice production and distribution were substandard according to the poverties
organization. During Pol Pot’s ruling, a
terrible flood struck the Mekong Valley, which resulted a poor harvest in 1975
to 1978, and many of the citizens then were starved to death. According to some survivors during the
regime, they claimed that it was the worst flood they had in almost seven
decades (Chandler). The rice however, was
very unfairly distributed. The Khmer
Rouge leaders, soldiers, and some of their followers were well fed but the
workers, sick, elderly, children and many more in the camps suffered from
starvation and malnutrition (Poverty in). Cambodia in the 1950s was one of the most
stable and radical economies in Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, it was known to
be one of the poorest country in the world today (Ross). Due to this overwhelming history of Cambodia,
the country’s economy is slowly rising, as most of the income of the country
comes from tourism. Many tourists from
all over the world visit Cambodia for the famous Angkor Wat and many old temples. The killing field is also one of the main
tourist attraction sites now in Cambodia.
Thanks to tourists around the world, agriculture is no longer the
highest GDP (Gross Domestic Product) composition by sector of origin (Ross). Figure 5 shows the GDP difference in
percentage between the agriculture, industrial and service sectors of Cambodia
in 2013.
Figure 5: GDP - composition,
by sector of origin in Cambodia, 2013.
Source: (Cambodia).
Cambodia’s culture of liberty remained very strongly thirty years after
the fall of the Khmer Rouge, said the Human Rights Watch (Poverty in). Under the Prime
Minister Hun Sen, he helped rebuild Cambodia into what it is today and had good
relationship with the United Nations (UN).
“There were roughly fifty doctors left in Cambodia for 14million
people!” said Hun Sen as he thanked the UN for providing health care to the
country with foreign doctors and help from around the globe (Kiernan). Thirty years after the genocide, none of the governments
in Cambodia had raised their voice about this issue. The UN finally raised enough fundings,
approximately US$50 million to back the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of
Cambodia (ECCC) to hold a trial against the Khmer Rouge. "After 30 years, no one had been trialed,
convicted or sentenced for the crimes of one of the bloodiest regimes of the
20th century. This was no accident. For
more than a decade, China and the United States blocked efforts at
accountability, and for the past decade Hun Sen had done his best to thwart
justice," said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch
(Ross).
Trials of the Genocide.
The Cambodian genocide, happened
almost forty years ago but still under trials, and some leaders are still being
arrest up to this very day. A news
report by CNN on August this year showed the trials about two other leaders of
the Khmer Rouge. Both of them, Nuon Chea
and Khieu Samphan are now in their eighties already. Nuon Chea was the former Deputy Secretary of
the Communist Party of Kampuchea and was commonly known as “Brother Number
Two.” Khieu Samphan was known as
“Brother Number Four” and was a one-time president of Democratic Kampuchea
(McKirdy). Pol Pot, during his ruling
was known as “Brother Number One”, as he was the main leader of the Khmer
Rouge, the evil mind behind the genocide.
Pol Pot escaped all the trials as he died peacefully in his sleep on
1998. Many suspected that he took his
own life to escape from life sentence in prison (Kiernan). All the trials for this case were held in the
Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia (ECCC), a special Cambodia
court that has the involvement of the United Nations and international assistance
through the United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials (UNAKRT) (McKirdy). All trials against the senior leaders or the
Khmer Rouge were held in this court. For
the citizen’s sake, all judges must be Cambodian judges and staffs only
assisted by international representatives.
The court cases and trials is a
failure. According to Allan Yang, the trials started and paused or hold for a very
long period of time and some were never continued (Yang). Due to these inconsistencies, the UN
Secretary – General Kofi Anon stopped the funding for the trials in 2000. The Cambodian government then renewed their
promises in 2003 and the trials were scheduled forhearing again in 2008, with a
budget of USD56.3 billion (Yang). There
had been four main cases in this trial, but only two were closed with a set
verdict. Theary Seng created a timeline
shown below of the trials by the ECCC.
Case002 was the trial mentioned above which includes Nuon Chea and Khieu
Samphan. The trial was closed for
investigation in September 10th, 2010, and never began until early
this year (Yang). Finally on August 8th
2014, the case was closed and both the former Khmer Rouge leaders were found
guilty and were sentenced to life imprisonment.
They were found guilty of: “Crimes against humanity, of extermination,
murder, political persecution, and other inhumane acts comprising forced
transfer, forced disappearances and attacks against human dignity committed
within the territory of Cambodia between 17 April 1975 and December 1977” (McKirdy). Figure 6 shows the four main cases of the
ECCC trials and the time period (Yang).
Case001 was one of the most consistent cases and everything was followed
up on time. This case was all about Guek
Eav, commonly named “Duch”. He was the
Head of Security of Pol Pot’s secret prison, S-21 and the torture chamber. However, the court convicted a very light
weighted punishment of only thirty-five years in jail for such a heavy weighted
crime he committed during the regime (Brinkley). The reason being there was no evidence of him
personally torturing the victims, but his soldiers were the one whom performed
the torturing. As stated in Pol Pot’s
philosophy, he was smart and almost never committed a murder during his ruling
but almost 2 millions of the population were killed by his army.
Figure 6: ECCC trials
and the time period.
Source: (Yang)
Despite all these inconsistencies, the trials were normally very fairly
judged and were well executed (Rowley). During
trials, many foreign juries from many different countries would participate
during the hearing. Live translators
would translate the trials from the Khmer language instantly and the foreign
juries would have an individual headset while witnessing the trial. Without the help of the UN, Cambodia will not
be able to carry out these trials due to the lack of money and skilled
personnel to proceed (Yang). Many of the
literates and skilled personnel were executed during the regime. In 2009, Cambodia’s literacy rate was roughly
70% approximately only 2% of the population understood English (Cambodia). The trials had a large amount of
international donations to support its funding, but the government of Cambodia
wanted more every time, which caused the UN to be unhappy. Several cases were led hanging and unfinished
given the excuse of low funding by the Cambodian government trials. Therefore the UN stopped funding because they
do not see any progression made even after there was sufficient funding
provided (Brinkley).
Conclusion
The Khmer Rouge had left
a bloody imprint, killing people of the same kind, on the same land. All the genocides that had happened around
the world were a big failure and were never successful in achieving the
dictators’ goal. The spark of genocides
is often related to political causes and the goals of the dictators. Huge negative impacts will be seen after a
genocide occur leading to many deaths, downfall of the economy and a waste of
money for trials like the Cambodian Genocide.
War and genocides is never a successful way to lead a country, leaders
should be more knowledgeable in ruling their country and not for their own
greed. Innocent lives were all killed,
not in thousands but millions due to one person’s want. At the end of the day it has no benefit to
anybody and to the country but leaving a negative image and name of the country
instead. The United Nations should look
into these genocides more seriously and should provide help when needed and not
run away from the country leaving the citizens leaving in danger and fear.
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